Įven today, anti-German and anti-Semitic judgements play a significant role for the Polish sense of identity and for Polish national self-perception. Any labelling of someone as an enemy must be understood as a historically and culturally conditioned form of persecution that is aimed at strengthening identitarian movements and their ability to act. Indeed, a strict differentiation is not always possible, and concepts of Jews on the one hand and Germans on the other hand as enemies of the Polish people cannot always be consistently and accurately separated, but there are structural similarities, and there are also parallel developments. In history, concepts of the enemy are no homogenous ideological trends but must be understood as complex constructs emerging from discourse, from ways of thinking and common practices the historical origins of which vary depending on the definition of the enemy. To state it clearly right away: The Polish perception of the Germans, as it was based on a clear concept of the enemy, cannot be put on the same level as their perception of the Jews. Perceptions of Germans and Jews as the Enemy in Poland: Similarities and Differences